Anterior Cruciate Ligament

- Discussion:
- anatomy of ACL
- biomechanics
       of ACL:
    - epidemiology_of_ACL_injuries:
    - mechanism: ACL Tear:
- natural history of the ACL-deficient knee
- partial ACL injury
- pediatric ACL injuries:

- Evaluation of ACL Injuries:
- examination

- Surgical Management:
    - timing:
            - early surgery may be associated with arthrofibrosis:
            - Acute anterior cruciate ligament repair.
            - Acute anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Analysis of complications.
            - Arthroscopy in acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee. Incidence of ACL tears
              and other injuries.

    - graft placement theory:
            - femoral tunnel
            - tibial tunnel:
    - surgical techniques:
            - bone patellar bone reconstruction:
            - hamstring reconstruction:
            - allograft reconstruction:
            - extra-articular reconstruction:
            - double bundle reconstruction:
    - graft fixation techniques:
    - post operative care and complications:
            - arthrofibrosis:

- Adjunctive Techniques:
- management of concomitant meniscal tears:
- chondral injuries
    - anteromedial instabilility
    - anterolateral instability:
           - lateral collateral ligament
       - posterolateral instability
   - references:
                  - The Influence of the Integrity of Posterolateral Structures on Tibiofemoral Orientation When an
                    ACL Graft is Tensioned
                  - Anterolateral rotational knee instability: role of posterolateral structures
    - posterior cruciate ligament
- high tibial osteotmy
- indicated w/ concomitant varus alignment;
- varus classification:
- primary varus:
- varus alignment due to the underlying tibiofemoral alignment;
- there is no associated posterolateral ligament deficiency or abnormal lateral joint opening;
- double varus:
- there is an associated deficiency of the lateral collateral ligament;
- varus alignment is increased as a result of both tibiofemoral osseous alignment and abnormal
                           lateral joint opening;
- triple varus:
- there is deficiency of all of the posterolateral structures;
- varus alignment increases on standing, and a varus recurvatum position is present;
- generally HTO is performed months prior to performing ACL reconstruction;
- in the report by Frank R. Noyes et al (2000), the authors followed 41 young patients who had ACL
            deficiency, genu varus angulation, and varying amounts of posterolateral ligament deficiency;
- all patients were treated with high tibial osteotomy and, in the majority (N = 34), ACL
                   reconstruction a mean of 8 months later;
- posterolateral reconstructions were also required in 18 knees;
- patient rating of the knee condition was normal or very good in 37% (15 knees) and good in
                   34% (14 knees);
- references:
- High Tibial Osteotomy and Ligament Reconstruction for Varus Angulated Anterior Cruciate
                   Ligament-Deficient Knees.
- High tibial osteotomy and ligament reconstruction in varus angulated, ACL-deficient knees.
                   A 2-7 year follow-up study