Arthroscopy of the Shoulder Joint

and arthroscopic repair

- Positioning:
- beach chair position is comfortable for both the patient and the surgeon and allows the
      option of converting to an open procedure (if necessary);
- patients need to be seated with the torso raised to 70 deg with a foled sheet placed on
      the medial border of affected scapula (to maximize posterior exposure)
- complications: hypoglossal nerve injury;
- references:
   - Measurements of brachial plexus strain in arthroscopy of the shoulder. AH Klein et al.
              Arthroscopy 1987. p 345-352.
   - Hypoglossal n. palsy after arthroscopy of the shoulder and open operation w/ the patient in the
               beach chair position. JBJS. 1992. p137-139.
            - Avoiding catastrophic complications of stroke and death related to shoulder surgery in the sitting position.
            - Fatal Venous Air Embolism During Shoulder Arthroscopy. A Case Report
            - Commercial Liquid Bags as a Potential Source of Venous Air Embolism in Shoulder Arthroscopy

- Portal Placement:
- posterior portal:
- anterior portal:
- lateral portal:


- references:
      - Glenohumeral arthroscopy portals established using an outside-in technique: neurovascular anatomy at risk.
      - The low anterior five-o'clock portal during arthroscopic shoulder surgery performed in the beach-chair position

- Arthroscopic Techniques:

- arthroscopic acromioplasty

    - arthroscopic glenohumeral reconstruction
    - slap lesions:
    - rotator cuff tears: - management of massive rotator cuff tears: