- See: throwing
injuries and throwing injuries
of the shoulder
- Discussion: - phases of throwing:
- windup
- early cocking
- late cocking
- wrist begins to cock in preparation for the throw and final energy release.
- begins when the pitcher's front foot touches the ground and terminates with
maximal humeral
external rotation;
- elbow remains flexed between 60 deg to 75 deg
- ECRB and ECRL show relatively high levels of activity;
- significant valgus force at elbow occurs at this stage (maximal
MCL stress);
- dynamic stabilizers include:
FDS
and FCU;
- acceleration
- starts with maximal humeral external rotation and ends with ball release;
- elbow experiences a rapid combination of valgus and extension;
- significant valgus force at elbow occurs at this stage but not as much as the
late cocking phase
- maximal activity in pronator teres, FCR and FCU;
- extended wrist flexes at this stage;
- dynamic stabilizers include:
FDS
and FCU;
- ref: Functional anatomy
of the flexor pronator muscle group in relation to the medial collateral
ligament of the elbow.
- deceleration
- shows the largest amount of muscle activity by the elbow flexors
- follow through
- other
considerations:
- extension overload
- triceps muscle strain
- avulsion
fracture tip of olecranon
- olecranon hypertrophy
- Olecranon stress fractures in throwers. A report of two cases and a review of
the literature.
- loose bodies in the olecranon fossa
- tears of brachialis and anterior capsule
- fixed
flexion contracture;
-
posterolateral instability
- ulnar nerve: (cubital
tunnel syndrome)
- Ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome in baseball players.
W Del Pizzo, et al. Am
J. Sports Med. Vol 5, 1977, 182-185.
- Traumatic ulnar neuropathy in adolescent baseball pitchers.
RW Godshall,
CA Hansen. JBJS 53-A, 1971, 359-361.
- Diff Dx Pediatric
Throwing Elbow: (Radiology
of Pediatric Elbow)